In 1947, the celebrated French artist Henri Matisse released a bound series of 20 prints collectively titled “Jazz.” The haunting, brightly colored prints were of collages Matisse made from shapes he cut out from sheets of paper. Begun in 1943, the artworks lent themselves to comparisons with what France had endured in World War II. The Surrealist poet Louis Aragon found one image particularly compelling: “The Fall of Icarus.” Named after the ill-fated flyer of Greek mythology, “The Fall of Icarus” depicts a black figure, a single red dot on its chest, careening through a blue space interspersed with yellow...