The Harvard College Debating Union recently released, and then swiftly withdrew, its proposed topic for the annual World Schools Invitational: examine the Enlightenment-era effort by European states to grant Jewish people civil rights in exchange for political and legal assimilation. The intense backlash, which argued that the wording invited anti-Semitic arguments, forced its withdrawal. The episode exposed a deeper problem: even in one of the world’s most educated communities, there is a striking lack of understanding about Jewish emancipation, or the long, contested process by which Jews have gained, lost, and regained basic civil rights. Jewish emancipation was inseparable from...