Jacob Naimark, a law student at the University of Pennsylvania, has worried ever since he learned that Trump administration investigators had demanded that his school turn over the names of many Jewish people on campus. “It was disturbing,” said Mr. Naimark, a co-president of the school’s Jewish Law Students Association, adding: “We know very well the history of governments assembling lists of Jews does not end well.” On Tuesday, a federal judge in Philadelphia will consider whether the government’s tactics went too far. The government has argued it was investigating harassment and other potential episodes of antisemitism on campus, including...