As visitors enter the signature exhibition marking the Israel Museum’s 60th birthday, they are greeted with a faint smell of mildew. It’s no accident. The odor emanates from “Ages of the World,” a monumental, pyramid-like installation by Anselm Kiefer, perhaps the foremost living German artist. The work is a towering, four-meter-high pyramid of canvases in different stages of decay, piled among old photo albums, history books and giant dried sunflowers, as well as a scribble of dust, brittle paint chips and mid-sized rocks. Many of the 140 canvases were previously stored in shipping containers and left to the elements, a...