Dora was assigned male at birth in Seifen, a town in Bohemia, the western region of what is the Czech Republic today. She’d spent years struggling to conform, but the institute offered something she hadn’t known was possible: a chance to live more fully as a woman. Dora Richter wore blue on a bright day in April 1923. Her dress matched her eyes, or so said the young doctor who conducted her intake interview in the sumptuous surroundings of the “Institut für Sexualwissenschaft,” or Institute for Sexual Science, in Berlin. Dora would become the first person to undergo gender confirmation...