That nationalism was Indian, not Hindu or Muslim. It was the creation of Mahatma Gandhi and his associates. He was able to capture the hearts and minds of ordinary people because he spoke to them through traditional words and symbols. He appealed to their imagination with an inclusive, civilisational concept of sadharana dharma, a universal ideal applicable to all human beings—leading to duties such as ahimsa, ‘not hurting another’, or satya, ‘telling the truth’. Unlike the dharma of caste, this dharma of conscience resonated with all Indians. As a result, an incipient sense of unity began to emerge in the...