The most important finding is not only scale, but persistence. The Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, mark a clear turning point. Since then, antisemitic content has increased and has not returned to previous pre-2023 levels. Instead, it has stabilised at a permanently elevated level. What we are witnessing is not a cycle of rise and decline in response to events – such as a temporary pandemic – but rather a ratchet effect: each shock permanently pushes the norm upwards. Antisemitic content was – and still is – found primarily in far-right online environments. Traditional conspiracy theories about alleged Jewish...