Since 2014, the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) and law enforcement agencies have disrupted numerous terrorist plots. Most have involved "homegrown" extremists radicalised online or through personal networks rather than direct overseas direction. The drivers of radicalisation are complex and often include ideological commitment, identity issues, social alienation, perceived grievances, and exposure to extremist propaganda. Nevertheless, some cases have highlighted broader integration challenges, particularly where communities experience entrenched unemployment, educational disadvantage, poor English-language skills, or social isolation.