When Israel handed over its Arrow 3 long-range missile defense system to the German Air Force at Holzdorf Air Base south of Berlin earlier this month, the moment carried weight far beyond the deal’s hefty price tag. For the first time, Israel was sending its most advanced ballistic missile interceptor system outside its own territory — and deploying it in the country that orchestrated the Holocaust. Eighty years after the liberation of Auschwitz, the Jewish state is now helping defend Germany, and by extension, much of Europe, against long-range missile threats from adversaries such as Russia and Iran. “As a...