In 1961, I was turned down for a summer job by every major big law firm in New York and Washington. The reason was that I was Jewish. Let there be no doubt about that historic fact. When I applied, I was first in my class at Yale Law School, editor-in-chief of the law Journal and a soon-to-be Supreme Court law clerk. But I got almost no interviews, and no job offers. Nor was I the only big-firm job applicant subjected to anti-Semitic bigotry. Back in those days, law firms were operated on a pseudo-apartheid basis: there were firms that...